The threat of life below water refers to the
risks and
challenges that marine and freshwater
ecosystems face
due to various factors
According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO), around 34.2% of fish stocks
are
estimated to be overfished, indicating a
significant
decline in their abundance and
sustainability
Indonesia is the world's second-largest
contributor to
marine plastic pollution
after China. The country produces
an estimated
3.2 million metric tons of plastic waste
annually,
with a significant portion ending up in rivers
and oceans
Approximately 50% of the world's coral reefs
have been
lost or severely degraded due to various
factors,
including pollution, climate change, overfishing,
and
destructive fishing practices.
Illegal fishing in Indonesian waters
often involves foreign
vessels trespassing
into the country's exclusive
economic zone (EEZ).
These vessels engage in activities
such as unauthorized
fishing, use of illegal fishing gear,
and underreporting catches.
Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution,
the
average surface ocean pH has decreased by
about 0.1
units, representing a 30% increase
in acidity. This may
not seem significant,
but it is a substantial change for
marine
organisms sensitive to pH levels.